Reconstruction was the period in United States history, 1865–77, that resolved the issues of the American Civil War when both the Confederacy and its system of slavery were destroyed. The period of Reconstruction addressed the return of the southern states that had seceded, the status of ex-Confederate leaders, and the integration of the African-American Freedmen into the legal, political, economic and social system. Violent controversy arose over how to accomplish those tasks.

Republican leaders agreed that slavery and the Slave Power had to be permanently destroyed, and all forms of Confederate nationalism had to be suppressed. Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the southern states repealed secession and ratified the 13th Amendment — all of which happened by September 1865. However the Radical Republicans were much more skeptical of southern intentions and demanded far more stringent federal action. Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were the leaders of the moderate Republicans; Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner led the Radical Republicans. Radicals judged the moderate policies to be a failure, especially Johnson's opposition to civil rights for the Freedmen.

Winning the election of 1866, the Radicals took full control in Washington. The House of Representatives impeached Johnson, who was subsequently acquitted by a single vote in the Senate. They used the Army to give the vote to black men, who had never been permitted to vote or attend school under antebellum Southern governments, and briefly took the vote away from an estimated 10 or 15,000 white men who had been Confederate officials or had not yet sworn to uphold the government of the United States. The Radical stage lasted for varying lengths in the different states, where a Republican coalition of Freedmen, Scalawags and Carpetbaggers took control and promoted modernization through railroads and public schools. They were charged with corruption by their opponents, the conservative–Democratic coalition, calling themselves "Redeemers" after 1870. Violence sponsored by the Ku Klux Klan was countered by federal intervention.

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LilCrina (Carina Uneputty) Fri, 11 Dec 2009 11:53:11 -0000
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