- For other uses, see Ruby (disambiguation).
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| Ruby
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| Ruby crystal before faceting,
length 0.8 inches (2 cm).
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| General
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| Category | Mineral
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| Chemical formula | aluminium oxide with chromium, Al2O3::Cr
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| Identification
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| Color | Red, may be brownish
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| Crystal habit | Varies with locality. Terminated tabular hexagonal prisms.
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| Crystal system | Trigonal
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| Cleavage | No true cleavage
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| Fracture | Uneven or conchoidal
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| Mohs Scale hardness | 9.0
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| Luster | Vitreous
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| Refractive index | ~1.77
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| Pleochroism | ?
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| Streak | white
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| Specific gravity | 4.0
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| Fusibility | perfectly
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| Solubility | ?
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| Major varieties
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| Pink sapphire | Caused by a color impurity and makes the stone appear pink.
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Ruby is a red
gemstone, a variety of the
mineral corundum (
aluminium oxide) in which the color is caused mainly by
chromium. Its name came from
ruber,
Latin for red. Natural rubies are exceptionally rare, but artificial rubies (sometimes called
created ruby) can be manufactured by the
Verneuil process fairly cheaply. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called
sapphires.
Rubies are mined in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Greenland. They are most often found in Myanmar (= Burma), Sri Lanka, Kenya, Madagascar, and Thailand, but they have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, North Carolina and South Carolina. The Mogok Valley in Myanmar has produced some of the finest rubies. However, in recent years very few good rubies have been found there. In central Myanmar the area of Mong Hsu also produces rubies. In 2002 rubies were found in the Waseges River area of Kenya. Rubies are being mined at Audilamena in northeastern Madagascar. Sometimes spinels are found along with rubies in the same rocks and are mistaken for rubies. However, fine red spinels may approach the average ruby in value.
Rubies have a hardness of 9.0 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and among the natural gems, only diamonds are harder.
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