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Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense in warfare. Humans have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, in a variety of increasingly complex designs. The term is derived from the Latin fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").

Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. The word fortification can also refer to the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.

The art of laying out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally classes as castrametation, since the time of the Roman legions. The art/science of laying siege to a fortification and of destroying it has the popular name of siegecraft and the formal name of poliorcetics. In some texts this latter term also applies to the art of building a fortification.

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Bunkertours - An extensive photodocumentary of numerous mothballed and redundant underground military installations in Britain and France, including photographs of ROTOR sites, the Maginot Line, and Cold War sites. Also provides reports from physical visits.
Meta Description: [ maginot line virtual visit - discover the extraordinary atmosphere of the maginot line today - maginot line, World War, fortifications, forts, military, travel, tourism, line, fortification, system, phony, war, petain, andre, maginot, simserhof, schoenenbourg, hackenberg, museum, france, ... ]

Castles, Fortresses, and Palaces of the World - Images and brief descriptions from Glass, Steel and Stone of a selection of major buildings from medieval to 19th-century.
Meta Description: [ Pictures and information about the world's great architecture, skyscrapers, buildings, and other landmarks. ]

Chester: A Virtual Stroll Around the Walls - Steve Howe of the Black and White Picture Place provides a guide around the Roman and medieval city wall. Map, modern and archival images with description and history, including quotations from primary sources.
Meta Description: [ Wherever you are in the world, we welcome you to our informal, but most informatative and entertaining, 'virtual stroll' around the only complete circuit of Roman/medieval city walls in Britain. Also quotes from 1000 years of visitors to Chester, histories of Chester's old cinemas, theatres and p... ]

Coastal Fortification on the Gulf of Mexico - Andrew Bennett provides photographs and history of coastal fortifications of four generations from 1817 to World War II.
Meta Description: [ Until the late 1940's, coastal fortification was a primary line of defense for the United States. Several distinct generations of coastal fortification have been defined by historians, each a unique insight into a period of U.S. history. ]

Crownhill Fort - History, plan and visitor information for this Victorian fortress outside Plymouth, UK, from the official site. Restored and owned by the Landmark Trust.
Meta Description: [ Plymouth's premier attraction and venue, Crownhill Fort is THE day out for all the family. If you are in Devon come in and see us. ]

500 Fort Duquesne, Pennsylvania - Table Top Studios present their computer model of the fort c.1755 on the site of present-day Pittsburgh and explain how it was constructed from original plans.
Meta Description: [ Modelhistorical ,exhibit builders, exhibit fabrications, exhibit construction, display model builders, display fabrication,model construction, special effects, props,miniature sets, special effects models, custom fabrication,historic models, diorama fabrication, architectural models,terrain mod... ]

Fort McHenry, Baltimore, United States - Built 1794-1803 on a five-pointed star plan. Description and photographs from National Park Service Baltimore Travel Itinerary.
Meta Description: [ Description and photographs of Fort McHenry. ]

Fort Siloso - The story of the sole restored coastal artillery fort from Fortress Singapore, 1874 to the present.
Meta Description: [ Fort Siloso, the sole restored coastal artillery fort in Singapore ]

Fortress of Louisbourg - The Louisbourg Institute provides history, images, bibliography and visitor information for the fortified town in Canada, whose fortifications were rebuilt in the 1960s to their state in 1744. Searchable site.

Louisbourg - Attractive, well-organised site from Industry Canada giving an interactive plan, history, archaeology and images of the reconstructed 18th-century fortified town.
Meta Description: [ WELCOME TO THE FORTERESS OF LOUISBOURG ]

Medieval Fortifications - Expandable thumbnail images of Aigues-Mortes, Carcassonne and Pierrefonds in France from Jeffrey Howe's Digital Archive of Architecture.

Northern Fortress - Fortresses of northwest Russia and Finland. Photographs, maps, histories, and personal observations.
Meta Description: [ Описания замечательных крепостей северо-запада России и сопредельных стран снабженныя планами, картами и фотографическими изображениями. ]

Palmerston Forts Society - An educational charity dedicated to the study of Victorian fortifications in the UK and their artillery. Includes the activities of the group, list of forts and maps and plans.
Meta Description: [ Website of The Palmerston Forts Society ]

The City Wall of Visby, Gotland - An illustrated description and additional photographs by Goran Andersson of the city wall, which has 36 towers still intact.
Meta Description: [ The city wall of Visby is 3.4 km long with 36 medieval towers still intact. Armors from the Middle Ages were found in mass graves outside the city wall after the big battle 1361. Images ]

The Fortress of Neuf-Brisach, France - Illustrated description from an exhibition at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, of the fortress town constructed 1698-1720, designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban.

The Roman Wall of Lugo - The City Council of Lugo describes the remarkably complete and well-preserved Roman town wall now a World Heritage Site. Includes history, illustrations and bibliography. [English, French, Galician, Spanish].
Meta Description: [ Web monográfico realizado polo Concello de Lugo sobre este Monumento Patrimonio da Humanidade ]

The South Coast Martello Towers - Peter Hibbs charts the history, construction, siting and individual history of each of the 74 English south coast Martello Towers.
Meta Description: [ The South Coast Martello Towers charts the history, construction, siting and individual history of each of the 74 English south coast Martello Towers ]

UK Fortifications Club - Researches and records fortified sites throughout the UK. Journal, membership and news.
Meta Description: [ UKFC United Kingdom Fortifications Club ]

Walled Towns Friendship Circle - Includes most of the towns and cities in Europe with surviving town walls. Photographs, information.
Meta Description: [ The Walled Towns Friendship Circle (WTFC) is the international association for the sustainable development of walled towns, walled cities and fortified historic towns. ]

404 York City Walls - Virtual tour of the ancient city walls provided by City of York Council.
Meta Description: [ City of York Council - find out about the city's ancient walls or take a virtual walk to learn about their history ]

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